<p begin="00:00:00.00" end="00:00:04.30" style="1">[MUSIC PLAYING] </p>
<p begin="00:00:04.30" end="00:00:08.13" style="1">[APPLAUSE] </p>
<p begin="00:00:08.13" end="00:00:10.36" style="1">ANDRE FENTON: So good afternoon. </p>
<p begin="00:00:10.36" end="00:00:11.78" style="1">What I'm going to try and describe</p>
<p begin="00:00:11.78" end="00:00:14.52" style="1">for you today is some of the amazing advances,</p>
<p begin="00:00:14.52" end="00:00:17.59" style="1">mostly technological, that's allowing</p>
<p begin="00:00:17.59" end="00:00:22.40" style="1">us to have a real insight and an acceleration in our insight</p>
<p begin="00:00:22.40" end="00:00:24.75" style="1">and understanding of how our brains work</p>
<p begin="00:00:24.75" end="00:00:29.11" style="1">so that I can better understand me.</p>
<p begin="00:00:29.11" end="00:00:33.96" style="1">So the challenge with the brain is that it's very complicated.</p>
<p begin="00:00:33.96" end="00:00:36.49" style="1">And it's very complicated at multiple levels.</p>
<p begin="00:00:36.49" end="00:00:39.24" style="1">Here's a cartoon rendering of a human brain.</p>
<p begin="00:00:39.24" end="00:00:42.48" style="1">If you look at those images, those false colored images,</p>
<p begin="00:00:42.48" end="00:00:44.77" style="1">those are the kinds of pictures you see in the New York</p>
<p begin="00:00:44.77" end="00:00:47.97" style="1">Times and such, in publications about areas of the brain that</p>
<p begin="00:00:47.97" end="00:00:49.64" style="1">are active when you're thinking or when</p>
<p begin="00:00:49.64" end="00:00:51.12" style="1">you're feeling certain things. </p>
<p begin="00:00:51.12" end="00:00:53.32" style="1">You have to appreciate that the brain is made up</p>
<p begin="00:00:53.32" end="00:00:56.46" style="1">of something like 100 billion or so neurons.</p>
<p begin="00:00:56.46" end="00:00:58.76" style="1">And if you zoom in, as we're doing now,</p>
<p begin="00:00:58.76" end="00:01:02.55" style="1">you can start to see that these are 100 billion individuals,</p>
<p begin="00:01:02.55" end="00:01:03.98" style="1">if you will, entities. </p>
<p begin="00:01:03.98" end="00:01:06.18" style="1">And they're actually electrical. </p>
<p begin="00:01:06.18" end="00:01:10.43" style="1">They're generating signals that are biochemical electricity,</p>
<p begin="00:01:10.43" end="00:01:12.39" style="1">that's carrying information through all</p>
<p begin="00:01:12.39" end="00:01:14.37" style="1">of this vast network. </p>
<p begin="00:01:14.37" end="00:01:17.57" style="1">And those 100 billion or so neurons, each one of them</p>
<p begin="00:01:17.57" end="00:01:21.14" style="1">makes about 10,000 connections with another neuron</p>
<p begin="00:01:21.14" end="00:01:23.05" style="1">across synapses where they communicate.</p>
<p begin="00:01:23.05" end="00:01:27.84" style="1">But inside there are thousands of species of molecules.</p>
<p begin="00:01:27.84" end="00:01:30.26" style="1">And those molecules are what control</p>
<p begin="00:01:30.26" end="00:01:33.70" style="1">how the neurons themselves function and how they change.</p>
<p begin="00:01:33.70" end="00:01:37.21" style="1">It's a wonderfully plastic and self-organizing system.</p>
<p begin="00:01:37.21" end="00:01:40.75" style="1">And in order to understand me, we</p>
<p begin="00:01:40.75" end="00:01:43.00" style="1">have to understand at all of these levels</p>
<p begin="00:01:43.00" end="00:01:47.07" style="1">and their interactions how a brain is operating.</p>
<p begin="00:01:47.07" end="00:01:50.27" style="1">So I'm going to try and tell you some of the recent insights.</p>
<p begin="00:01:50.27" end="00:01:54.12" style="1">For example, I'll describe some molecular and neural circuit</p>
<p begin="00:01:54.12" end="00:01:57.22" style="1">imaging technologies that have emerged within the last eight</p>
<p begin="00:01:57.22" end="00:02:00.82" style="1">or so years that are really changing our view of this.</p>
<p begin="00:02:00.82" end="00:02:04.01" style="1">If you look at this image, this is a version</p>
<p begin="00:02:04.01" end="00:02:07.50" style="1">of fMRI imaging of a human brain.</p>
<p begin="00:02:07.50" end="00:02:12.34" style="1">It's not a complicated mass of tangles as we'd seen.</p>
<p begin="00:02:12.34" end="00:02:16.17" style="1">What's been colored there are the different pathways,</p>
<p begin="00:02:16.17" end="00:02:18.00" style="1">the projections from different parts</p>
<p begin="00:02:18.00" end="00:02:19.89" style="1">of the brain to other parts of the brain.</p>
<p begin="00:02:19.89" end="00:02:21.59" style="1">And it actually has a grid structure,</p>
<p begin="00:02:21.59" end="00:02:25.15" style="1">very much like you might imagine the infrastructure of a well</p>
<p begin="00:02:25.15" end="00:02:26.22" style="1">planned city. </p>
<p begin="00:02:26.22" end="00:02:28.94" style="1">And that's the kind of understanding</p>
<p begin="00:02:28.94" end="00:02:32.62" style="1">of the organization that's being revealed to us by using</p>
<p begin="00:02:32.62" end="00:02:35.43" style="1">these new imaging technologies. </p>
<p begin="00:02:35.43" end="00:02:38.49" style="1">Perhaps more impressive is this. </p>
<p begin="00:02:38.49" end="00:02:44.17" style="1">Just this year, what we're going to look at is a rat brain.</p>
<p begin="00:02:44.17" end="00:02:47.76" style="1">What's important here is that plastics were key.</p>
<p begin="00:02:47.76" end="00:02:49.73" style="1">All of the fat in the rat's brain</p>
<p begin="00:02:49.73" end="00:02:52.53" style="1">has been removed and replaced by a polymer,</p>
<p begin="00:02:52.53" end="00:02:55.84" style="1">in effect a plastic that allows us now to actually go</p>
<p begin="00:02:55.84" end="00:02:58.49" style="1">on a tour of the rat brain. </p>
<p begin="00:02:58.49" end="00:03:00.19" style="1">This is my favorite part of the brain,</p>
<p begin="00:03:00.19" end="00:03:03.45" style="1">the part of the brain that's crucial for storing memories.</p>
<p begin="00:03:03.45" end="00:03:06.73" style="1">And you can sort of see the neural organization.</p>
<p begin="00:03:06.73" end="00:03:09.38" style="1">These are neurons up here leading to the cortex.</p>
<p begin="00:03:09.38" end="00:03:11.35" style="1">These are the areas of the hippocampus.</p>
<p begin="00:03:11.35" end="00:03:13.96" style="1">And these neurons, and their interconnections,</p>
<p begin="00:03:13.96" end="00:03:17.15" style="1">and the dynamic activity there, are revealing to us</p>
<p begin="00:03:17.15" end="00:03:19.88" style="1">how these circuits are actually organized.</p>
<p begin="00:03:19.88" end="00:03:21.44" style="1">And for the very first time, it's</p>
<p begin="00:03:21.44" end="00:03:22.83" style="1">only been a few months that we've</p>
<p begin="00:03:22.83" end="00:03:25.43" style="1">been able to actually look inside a brain</p>
<p begin="00:03:25.43" end="00:03:29.24" style="1">and actually explore and understand directly</p>
<p begin="00:03:29.24" end="00:03:33.38" style="1">the 3D architecture of these circuits.</p>
<p begin="00:03:33.38" end="00:03:36.40" style="1">This is my favorite molecule from our own laboratory.</p>
<p begin="00:03:36.40" end="00:03:38.99" style="1">We've been studying how memories are stored.</p>
<p begin="00:03:38.99" end="00:03:42.84" style="1">So you're going to remember some of what you heard today.</p>
<p begin="00:03:42.84" end="00:03:46.41" style="1">And importantly, that's going to stay with you</p>
<p begin="00:03:46.41" end="00:03:48.68" style="1">for hopefully the rest of your life.</p>
<p begin="00:03:48.68" end="00:03:50.52" style="1">So how does that happen? </p>
<p begin="00:03:50.52" end="00:03:53.86" style="1">How does your brain absorb experience and store it</p>
<p begin="00:03:53.86" end="00:03:56.65" style="1">in what we call long term memory, more or less</p>
<p begin="00:03:56.65" end="00:03:57.72" style="1">accurately? </p>
<p begin="00:03:57.72" end="00:03:59.57" style="1">Well, what we were able to discover</p>
<p begin="00:03:59.57" end="00:04:04.34" style="1">is that this molecule, protein kinase M zeta,</p>
<p begin="00:04:04.34" end="00:04:05.89" style="1">actually becomes expressed. </p>
<p begin="00:04:05.89" end="00:04:09.40" style="1">And in particular places within the neural circuit.</p>
<p begin="00:04:09.40" end="00:04:11.52" style="1">If we had the time, I would walk you</p>
<p begin="00:04:11.52" end="00:04:14.48" style="1">through those different pathways that this molecule seems</p>
<p begin="00:04:14.48" end="00:04:17.96" style="1">to be expressed in after an animal has learned something.</p>
<p begin="00:04:17.96" end="00:04:23.04" style="1">This changes in amounts, and its lasting at least a month.</p>
<p begin="00:04:23.04" end="00:04:24.62" style="1">These are the kinds of changes that we</p>
<p begin="00:04:24.62" end="00:04:26.84" style="1">think are happening in our own brains today.</p>
<p begin="00:04:26.84" end="00:04:28.91" style="1">And for the very first time we're</p>
<p begin="00:04:28.91" end="00:04:31.56" style="1">able to image, if you will, what a memory looks</p>
<p begin="00:04:31.56" end="00:04:33.30" style="1">like at the molecular level. </p>
<p begin="00:04:33.30" end="00:04:34.97" style="1">This is what's being stored, if you</p>
<p begin="00:04:34.97" end="00:04:37.88" style="1">remember what happened today. </p>
<p begin="00:04:37.88" end="00:04:41.07" style="1">But if I were able to describe everything</p>
<p begin="00:04:41.07" end="00:04:44.28" style="1">that happened in your life, and simply</p>
<p begin="00:04:44.28" end="00:04:48.45" style="1">describe for you the location of all the molecules,</p>
<p begin="00:04:48.45" end="00:04:50.63" style="1">we would have a very static picture</p>
<p begin="00:04:50.63" end="00:04:52.49" style="1">of a very dynamic brain. </p>
<p begin="00:04:52.49" end="00:04:55.36" style="1">This is what your brain actually sounds like.</p>
<p begin="00:04:55.36" end="00:04:57.82" style="1">[STATIC NOISE] </p>
<p begin="00:04:57.82" end="00:05:00.27" style="1">ANDRE FENTON: That's one neuron and its activity.</p>
<p begin="00:05:00.27" end="00:05:01.25" style="1">Here's another neuron. </p>
<p begin="00:05:01.25" end="00:05:02.24" style="1">Two neurons. </p>
<p begin="00:05:02.24" end="00:05:04.69" style="1">Imagine billions of these neurons--</p>
<p begin="00:05:04.69" end="00:05:06.69" style="1">[STATIC NOISE] </p>
<p begin="00:05:06.69" end="00:05:08.40" style="1">ANDRE FENTON: --billions of these neurons</p>
<p begin="00:05:08.40" end="00:05:10.12" style="1">acting simultaneously. </p>
<p begin="00:05:10.12" end="00:05:12.21" style="1">That's what we call the neural code.</p>
<p begin="00:05:12.21" end="00:05:15.18" style="1">What you're listening to are neurons recorded in my lab</p>
<p begin="00:05:15.18" end="00:05:17.55" style="1">with one neuron is signaling the direction</p>
<p begin="00:05:17.55" end="00:05:18.78" style="1">the rat's head is pointing. </p>
<p begin="00:05:18.78" end="00:05:22.44" style="1">The other is signaling locations where the rat happens to be.</p>
<p begin="00:05:22.44" end="00:05:25.74" style="1">And our job is to try to decode that activity, one</p>
<p begin="00:05:25.74" end="00:05:27.19" style="1">way or another. </p>
<p begin="00:05:27.19" end="00:05:28.89" style="1">But there are millions of neurons</p>
<p begin="00:05:28.89" end="00:05:30.44" style="1">doing this one at a time. </p>
<p begin="00:05:30.44" end="00:05:33.84" style="1">And what we're trying to now do, and President Obama</p>
<p begin="00:05:33.84" end="00:05:37.80" style="1">and his brain mapping initiative has challenged us and provided</p>
<p begin="00:05:37.80" end="00:05:41.62" style="1">us with the funding, to actually work out new technologies that</p>
<p begin="00:05:41.62" end="00:05:45.12" style="1">allow us to record this is an electrical signal perhaps,</p>
<p begin="00:05:45.12" end="00:05:48.96" style="1">but to visualize the actual dynamic electrical activity</p>
<p begin="00:05:48.96" end="00:05:51.26" style="1">in the brain. </p>
<p begin="00:05:51.26" end="00:05:55.00" style="1">Here's some work from the Schnitzer Lab at Stanford.</p>
<p begin="00:05:55.00" end="00:05:58.89" style="1">What was done was to take a microscope,</p>
<p begin="00:05:58.89" end="00:06:03.72" style="1">miniaturize it, as well as a digital camera, and so small</p>
<p begin="00:06:03.72" end="00:06:06.28" style="1">that it's mounted on the head of a mouse.</p>
<p begin="00:06:06.28" end="00:06:12.38" style="1">And now this mouse can walk around, walk around it's home.</p>
<p begin="00:06:12.38" end="00:06:15.14" style="1">And we can, for the first times, see</p>
<p begin="00:06:15.14" end="00:06:18.12" style="1">thousands of neurons and the electrical potentials</p>
<p begin="00:06:18.12" end="00:06:19.32" style="1">that they're generating. </p>
<p begin="00:06:19.32" end="00:06:22.46" style="1">And we are actually capable of decoding these patterns</p>
<p begin="00:06:22.46" end="00:06:25.96" style="1">on and off activity enough to be able to predict where</p>
<p begin="00:06:25.96" end="00:06:29.19" style="1">the mouse was as it walked around in this space.</p>
<p begin="00:06:29.19" end="00:06:32.61" style="1">This is the kind of brain activity mapping technology</p>
<p begin="00:06:32.61" end="00:06:34.38" style="1">that we will need, and that we're</p>
<p begin="00:06:34.38" end="00:06:38.91" style="1">challenged to develop in noninvasive better ways</p>
<p begin="00:06:38.91" end="00:06:43.37" style="1">for understanding the activity in the human brain.</p>
<p begin="00:06:43.37" end="00:06:47.98" style="1">So perhaps the most exciting activating discoveries</p>
<p begin="00:06:47.98" end="00:06:51.60" style="1">in neuroscience have really been in a new area</p>
<p begin="00:06:51.60" end="00:06:52.88" style="1">called optogenetics. </p>
<p begin="00:06:52.88" end="00:06:56.20" style="1">We can control neurons now with light.</p>
<p begin="00:06:56.20" end="00:07:00.21" style="1">And this is work that was developed in Stanford again,</p>
<p begin="00:07:00.21" end="00:07:01.59" style="1">by the Deisseroth Lab. </p>
<p begin="00:07:01.59" end="00:07:04.38" style="1">This is us using optogenetics in our lab.</p>
<p begin="00:07:04.38" end="00:07:06.91" style="1">What we're able to do is shine laser light</p>
<p begin="00:07:06.91" end="00:07:08.40" style="1">into the mouse's brain. </p>
<p begin="00:07:08.40" end="00:07:10.60" style="1">We've genetically engineered the mouse so</p>
<p begin="00:07:10.60" end="00:07:14.59" style="1">that some of its neurons will respond to light, in this case,</p>
<p begin="00:07:14.59" end="00:07:16.79" style="1">by turning off those neurons. </p>
<p begin="00:07:16.79" end="00:07:18.72" style="1">In another case I'll show you in a moment,</p>
<p begin="00:07:18.72" end="00:07:20.67" style="1">by turning on neurons. </p>
<p begin="00:07:20.67" end="00:07:23.82" style="1">In this movie recorded with my collaborator,</p>
<p begin="00:07:23.82" end="00:07:26.59" style="1">this mouse is going to walk around the space.</p>
<p begin="00:07:26.59" end="00:07:28.72" style="1">Now the space has some walls here.</p>
<p begin="00:07:28.72" end="00:07:30.62" style="1">So this mouse is actually like a chicken.</p>
<p begin="00:07:30.62" end="00:07:31.67" style="1">It's cowardly. </p>
<p begin="00:07:31.67" end="00:07:33.78" style="1">It doesn't want to go out onto these open arms.</p>
<p begin="00:07:33.78" end="00:07:35.35" style="1">It can fall. </p>
<p begin="00:07:35.35" end="00:07:37.94" style="1">And you can imagine, this is the way</p>
<p begin="00:07:37.94" end="00:07:40.02" style="1">of measuring the mouse's anxiety.</p>
<p begin="00:07:40.02" end="00:07:41.81" style="1">But we can make this mouse brave.</p>
<p begin="00:07:41.81" end="00:07:42.90" style="1">It's in these safe arms. </p>
<p begin="00:07:42.90" end="00:07:45.60" style="1">We turn the light on and the mouse becomes brave.</p>
<p begin="00:07:45.60" end="00:07:49.10" style="1">The blue laser light is actually activating</p>
<p begin="00:07:49.10" end="00:07:52.66" style="1">a part of the brain that controls good sense, if you</p>
<p begin="00:07:52.66" end="00:07:54.13" style="1">will, or anxiety. </p>
<p begin="00:07:54.13" end="00:07:55.91" style="1">[LAUGHTER] </p>
<p begin="00:07:55.91" end="00:07:57.80" style="1">ANDRE FENTON: So with the light on-- you</p>
<p begin="00:07:57.80" end="00:08:00.20" style="1">can see the blue laser light-- this mouse becomes,</p>
<p begin="00:08:00.20" end="00:08:01.31" style="1">if you will, fearless. </p>
<p begin="00:08:01.31" end="00:08:05.80" style="1">So we're able to control a very particular circuit</p>
<p begin="00:08:05.80" end="00:08:08.56" style="1">in this animal and control its behavior.</p>
<p begin="00:08:08.56" end="00:08:11.88" style="1">Were beginning to understand some of the neural circuits</p>
<p begin="00:08:11.88" end="00:08:13.56" style="1">and some of the neural activity that</p>
<p begin="00:08:13.56" end="00:08:18.94" style="1">controls things like anxiety and fearlessness, if you will.</p>
<p begin="00:08:18.94" end="00:08:21.11" style="1">So this is one of my favorite quotes.</p>
<p begin="00:08:21.11" end="00:08:23.75" style="1">And you heard earlier today that we've</p>
<p begin="00:08:23.75" end="00:08:25.27" style="1">sequenced the human genome. </p>
<p begin="00:08:25.27" end="00:08:28.75" style="1">And we're able to now predict whether someone</p>
<p begin="00:08:28.75" end="00:08:33.22" style="1">has a genetic predisposition to a mental illness, for example,</p>
<p begin="00:08:33.22" end="00:08:34.64" style="1">amongst other things. </p>
<p begin="00:08:34.64" end="00:08:36.63" style="1">And one of the difficulties is, what do you</p>
<p begin="00:08:36.63" end="00:08:38.44" style="1">do with that information? </p>
<p begin="00:08:38.44" end="00:08:40.62" style="1">Well, one of the nice things-- it's</p>
<p begin="00:08:40.62" end="00:08:43.04" style="1">been depressing for a time-- but one of the nice things</p>
<p begin="00:08:43.04" end="00:08:45.10" style="1">and what we're beginning to understand</p>
<p begin="00:08:45.10" end="00:08:49.34" style="1">is a lot of mental illness is a neurodevelopmental problem.</p>
<p begin="00:08:49.34" end="00:08:52.64" style="1">It's something went wrong in the genome or early in birth,</p>
<p begin="00:08:52.64" end="00:08:55.10" style="1">and the brain develops abnormally.</p>
<p begin="00:08:55.10" end="00:08:56.59" style="1">And what's interesting about that</p>
<p begin="00:08:56.59" end="00:08:59.55" style="1">is most of these mental illnesses only</p>
<p begin="00:08:59.55" end="00:09:01.58" style="1">manifest later in life. </p>
<p begin="00:09:01.58" end="00:09:05.34" style="1">And so that offers us a window of opportunity, if you will,</p>
<p begin="00:09:05.34" end="00:09:10.41" style="1">to be preemptive in interfering with that neural development</p>
<p begin="00:09:10.41" end="00:09:13.12" style="1">and intervening before the manifestations</p>
<p begin="00:09:13.12" end="00:09:14.38" style="1">of the mental illness. </p>
<p begin="00:09:14.38" end="00:09:16.37" style="1">And I'll give you an example. </p>
<p begin="00:09:16.37" end="00:09:18.84" style="1">Keep in mind this interesting statement</p>
<p begin="00:09:18.84" end="00:09:21.07" style="1">by somebody that went on to great things,</p>
<p begin="00:09:21.07" end="00:09:22.64" style="1">to become the Buddha. </p>
<p begin="00:09:22.64" end="00:09:24.60" style="1">What we think, we become. </p>
<p begin="00:09:24.60" end="00:09:27.86" style="1">Well, we took that to heart in this experiment.</p>
<p begin="00:09:27.86" end="00:09:31.78" style="1">We first damaged the brains of rats when they were young.</p>
<p begin="00:09:31.78" end="00:09:33.20" style="1">So this is when they grew up. </p>
<p begin="00:09:33.20" end="00:09:36.02" style="1">They had these horrible holes in their brains.</p>
<p begin="00:09:36.02" end="00:09:37.99" style="1">Their brains didn't function correctly.</p>
<p begin="00:09:37.99" end="00:09:41.55" style="1">They didn't synchronize their electrical activity</p>
<p begin="00:09:41.55" end="00:09:44.32" style="1">on the left and right side, as shown here.</p>
<p begin="00:09:44.32" end="00:09:47.09" style="1">However, we cured these animals, so to speak.</p>
<p begin="00:09:47.09" end="00:09:50.16" style="1">We fixed the brain activity so it became synchronized</p>
<p begin="00:09:50.16" end="00:09:52.46" style="1">in the left and the right side. </p>
<p begin="00:09:52.46" end="00:09:55.81" style="1">And these animals that had what I call preemptive cognitive</p>
<p begin="00:09:55.81" end="00:09:58.51" style="1">training, they were able to perform</p>
<p begin="00:09:58.51" end="00:10:00.78" style="1">as well as a normal animal. </p>
<p begin="00:10:00.78" end="00:10:03.80" style="1">And the thing that we did was when they were young enough,</p>
<p begin="00:10:03.80" end="00:10:05.45" style="1">when they were in adolescence, we</p>
<p begin="00:10:05.45" end="00:10:07.79" style="1">gave them cognitive training. </p>
<p begin="00:10:07.79" end="00:10:09.87" style="1">We taught them skills, if you will,</p>
<p begin="00:10:09.87" end="00:10:14.05" style="1">for focusing on what's relevant and ignoring what's irrelevant.</p>
<p begin="00:10:14.05" end="00:10:16.02" style="1">We didn't change the brain and fix</p>
<p begin="00:10:16.02" end="00:10:18.85" style="1">the brain in its somatic problems.</p>
<p begin="00:10:18.85" end="00:10:22.04" style="1">But the brain, we took advantage of its plasticity,</p>
<p begin="00:10:22.04" end="00:10:25.44" style="1">of its ability to learn, of its ability to change.</p>
<p begin="00:10:25.44" end="00:10:30.08" style="1">And this brain, despite the lesions that persisted,</p>
<p begin="00:10:30.08" end="00:10:31.99" style="1">became functionally normal. </p>
<p begin="00:10:31.99" end="00:10:35.75" style="1">And the animals became cognitively normal.</p>
<p begin="00:10:35.75" end="00:10:38.65" style="1">So that's an idea that's being pursued in the clinic</p>
<p begin="00:10:38.65" end="00:10:42.36" style="1">and being entertained in psychiatry as we speak.</p>
<p begin="00:10:42.36" end="00:10:47.54" style="1">As an adjunct event, and in fact a primary way to address issues</p>
<p begin="00:10:47.54" end="00:10:49.83" style="1">like schizophrenia and depression</p>
<p begin="00:10:49.83" end="00:10:54.88" style="1">that people may be recognizably predisposed to.</p>
<p begin="00:10:54.88" end="00:10:56.97" style="1">So that's the future. </p>
<p begin="00:10:56.97" end="00:10:58.37" style="1">What are we doing right now? </p>
<p begin="00:10:58.37" end="00:11:01.56" style="1">Well, there's a whole set of diagnostics that's emerging.</p>
<p begin="00:11:01.56" end="00:11:06.08" style="1">I'm going to give you an example from our own work.</p>
<p begin="00:11:06.08" end="00:11:09.32" style="1">We took the electrical activity and technologies</p>
<p begin="00:11:09.32" end="00:11:12.38" style="1">that we created for recording activity in the rat brain,</p>
<p begin="00:11:12.38" end="00:11:13.96" style="1">and we miniaturized this. </p>
<p begin="00:11:13.96" end="00:11:17.12" style="1">In fact, we blew it up so it became bigger for human use.</p>
<p begin="00:11:17.12" end="00:11:22.76" style="1">This is a full-functioning EEG machine that our lab designed</p>
<p begin="00:11:22.76" end="00:11:25.23" style="1">and our company we founded, created.</p>
<p begin="00:11:25.23" end="00:11:28.46" style="1">It became FDA approved just about a year ago.</p>
<p begin="00:11:28.46" end="00:11:31.37" style="1">And it's now being used in emergency rooms.</p>
<p begin="00:11:31.37" end="00:11:33.55" style="1">This is a clinic in Malawi, Africa.</p>
<p begin="00:11:33.55" end="00:11:37.00" style="1">This poor child has cerebral malaria and is unconscious.</p>
<p begin="00:11:37.00" end="00:11:39.08" style="1">And this device is being used to detect</p>
<p begin="00:11:39.08" end="00:11:40.61" style="1">that the child is seizing. </p>
<p begin="00:11:40.61" end="00:11:43.59" style="1">They can be given a medication that will stop the seizure.</p>
<p begin="00:11:43.59" end="00:11:45.20" style="1">If the seizure doesn't get stopped,</p>
<p begin="00:11:45.20" end="00:11:48.57" style="1">the child has a high percentage or likelihood of dying.</p>
<p begin="00:11:48.57" end="00:11:50.45" style="1">If it doesn't die, it will have brain damage,</p>
<p begin="00:11:50.45" end="00:11:54.01" style="1">become a really big impact and burden on the community.</p>
<p begin="00:11:54.01" end="00:11:58.82" style="1">That's being all changed by applying this technology today.</p>
<p begin="00:11:58.82" end="00:12:00.46" style="1">This is a child in an incubator. </p>
<p begin="00:12:00.46" end="00:12:03.32" style="1">It turns out that about 80% or so</p>
<p begin="00:12:03.32" end="00:12:07.56" style="1">of prenatal children in the intensive care unit</p>
<p begin="00:12:07.56" end="00:12:10.11" style="1">don't have their brains developed well enough to manage</p>
<p begin="00:12:10.11" end="00:12:11.67" style="1">their breathing on their own. </p>
<p begin="00:12:11.67" end="00:12:14.57" style="1">And this device is being used to detect the failure</p>
<p begin="00:12:14.57" end="00:12:16.17" style="1">to keep breathing. </p>
<p begin="00:12:16.17" end="00:12:18.79" style="1">And allowing us to understand when the child can</p>
<p begin="00:12:18.79" end="00:12:22.37" style="1">be removed from the neonatal care unit.</p>
<p begin="00:12:22.37" end="00:12:25.98" style="1">So this is one of the most exciting times</p>
<p begin="00:12:25.98" end="00:12:27.58" style="1">in the history of neuroscience. </p>
<p begin="00:12:27.58" end="00:12:28.65" style="1">It's a young field. </p>
<p begin="00:12:28.65" end="00:12:31.60" style="1">We're able to change lives today.</p>
<p begin="00:12:31.60" end="00:12:35.58" style="1">And what's really very exciting for someone self interested</p>
<p begin="00:12:35.58" end="00:12:38.67" style="1">like me in my own mind, if you will,</p>
<p begin="00:12:38.67" end="00:12:41.37" style="1">we're really at a inflection point</p>
<p begin="00:12:41.37" end="00:12:43.92" style="1">in being able to look at the brain in novel ways</p>
<p begin="00:12:43.92" end="00:12:46.20" style="1">and collect massive amounts of data</p>
<p begin="00:12:46.20" end="00:12:50.67" style="1">about our own brain function and activity, which</p>
<p begin="00:12:50.67" end="00:12:53.33" style="1">we will have to mine in the future.</p>
<p begin="00:12:53.33" end="00:12:54.03" style="1">Thank you. </p>
<p begin="00:12:54.03" end="00:13:02.48" style="1">[APPLAUSE] </p>